Figure 1.


Caption: Example of the experimental setup, Winchell site (Kalamazoo, MI): Collaborator 1 (C1) signaled the pedestrian to begin his crossings; the pedestrian (P) walked into the first lane with no approaching vehicles from the left, stopping just before crossing the center line; Collaborator 2 (C2) collected the vehicle speed and other data.

Description: The figure is a line drawing of a two-way street with a posted 25 mph limit intersecting with a perpendicular street. The pedestrian (P) is represented with a circle at the SW corner and an arrow indicates he will cross most of the eastbound lane -- an "X" is placed beyond the arrow in the middle of the westbound lane. Collaborator 1 is represented with a circle to the left and behind the Pedestrian, and Collaborator 2 is across the street and to the left. An arrow indicating eastbound traffic reads: No vehicles approaching. An arrow indicating westbound traffic reads: Approaching vehicles, range 20-40 mph.

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Conditions that Influence Drivers' Yielding Behavior for Uncontrolled Crossings

Figure 2. Scatterplot of the percentage yielding by speed for the cane-using and noncane-using conditions.



Description: The figure is a scatterplot. The x-axis is labeled Vehicle approach speed (mph) and has 4 values, from left to right: 20, 30, 40, and 50. The y-axis is labeled Percentage of vehicles yielding and has 11 values, from bottom to top: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100. Black dots plotted in the graph represent Noncane; White diamonds represent Cane. A horizontal line drawn in the upper half of the graph reads: Cane R(squared) = 0.333. A horizontal line drawn in the center of the graph reads: Noncane R(squared) = 0.038. All values in this narrative are approximations.


20-30 mph: Noncane: 11 ranging from 0-100; Cane: 8 ranging from 80-100.
30-40 mph: Noncane: 11 ranging from 30-70; Cane: 10 ranging from 50-100.
40-50 mph: Noncane: 8 ranging from 0-100; Cane: 2 ranging from 50-80.


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Conditions that Influence Drivers' Yielding Behavior for Uncontrolled Crossings



Table 1
Characteristics of the study sites.
City	Site	Major street speed   limit (mph)	Major street   lanes	Number of   trials
Kalamazoo	Winchell at Aberdeen	25	One lane each     way	150
Kalamazoo	Westnedge at West Hopkins Street	35	Two lanes one     way	150
Maryland	Mount Tabor Road at Byfield Court	35	One lane each     way	39
Maryland	Old Chapel Road at Chelmont Lane	30	One lane each     way	36

Table in Paragraph format.

Description: There are 5 main column heads: City; Site; Major street speed limit (mph); Major street lanes; Number of trials

City: Kalamazoo; Site: Winchell at Aberdeen; Major street speed limit (mph): 25; Major street lanes: One lane each way; Number of trials: 150

City: Kalamazoo; Site: Westnedge at West Hopkins Street; Major street speed limit (mph): 35; Major street lanes: Two lanes one way; Number of trials: 150

City: Maryland; Site: Mount Tabor Road at Byfield Court; Major street speed limit (mph): 35; Major street lanes: One lane each way; Number of trials: 39

City: Maryland; Site: Old Chapel Road at Chelmont Lane; Major street speed limit (mph): 30; Major street lanes: One lane each way; Number of trials: 36

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Conditions that Influence Drivers' Yielding Behavior for Uncontrolled Crossings



Table 2
Rate of yielding for crossing conditions.
Condition	Yields	No     yields	Yield     rate	Increase in     yielding     over the     control (%)	X2 against     the control	p value
Control	33	47	.41	--
Flag	40	25	.62	21	5.91	.02
Vest	32	33	.49	8	.92	.34
Cane	48	7	.87	46	28.76	< .001
Cane wave	49	6	.89	48	31.28	< .001
Cane, cane wave, vest	50	5	.91	50	33.94	< .001

Table in Paragraph format.

Description: There are 7 main column heads: Condition; Yields; No yields; Yield rate; Increase in yielding over the control (%); X² against the control; p value

Condition: Control; Yields: 33; No yields: 47; Yield rate: .41; Increase in yielding over the control (%): -; X² against the control: ; p value:

Condition: Flag; Yields: 40; No yields: 25; Yield rate: .62; Increase in yielding over the control (%): 21; X² against the control: 5.91; p value: .02

Condition: Vest; Yields: 32; No yields: 33; Yield rate: .49; Increase in yielding over the control (%): 8; X² against the control: .92; p value: .34

Condition: Cane; Yields: 48; No yields: 7; Yield rate: .87; Increase in yielding over the control (%): 46; X² against the control: 28.76; p value: [less than] .001

Condition: Cane wave; Yields: 49; No yields: 6; Yield rate: .89; Increase in yielding over the control (%): 48; X² against the control: 31.28; p value: [less than] .001

Condition: Cane, cane wave, vest; Yields: 50; No yields: 5; Yield rate: .91; Increase in yielding over the control (%): 50; X² against the control: 33.94; p value: [less than] .001

Table in Paragraph format.

Description: There are 4 main column heads: Data set; B (SE); 95% CI for odds ratio with subheads Lower, Odds ratio, Upper; Significance

Note: For the Kalamazoo data, R² = .01 (Cox and Snell), .02 (Nagelkerke), Model X² = 1.98, p = .98. For the overall data set, R² = .03 (Cox and Snell), .04 (Nagelkerke), Model X² = 2.20, p = .95.

Data set: Kalamazoo data; B (SE): [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: [empty]; Significance: [empty]

Data set: [space] Constant; B (SE): 2.52 (.92); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: [empty]; Significance: [empty]

Data set: [space] Model; B (SE): [minus] .06 (.03); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .90; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: .95; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: 1.00; Significance: .06

Data set: Full data set; B (SE): [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: [empty]; Significance: [empty]

Data set: [space] Constant; B (SE): 2.98 (.70); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: [empty]; Significance: [empty]

Data set: [space] Model; B (SE): [minus] .07 (.02); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .90; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: .93; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: .97; Significance: .001

Table in Paragraph format.

Table in Paragraph format.

Description: There are 4 main column heads: Predictor; B (SE); 95% CI for odds ratio with subheads Lower, Odds ratio, Upper; Significance

Note: R² = .11 (Cox and Snell), .23 (Nagelkerke), Model [chi][superscript 2] = 6.07, p = .64.

Predictor: Constant; B (SE): 10.56 (2.62); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: [empty]; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: [empty]; Significance: [empty]

Predictor: Condition; B (SE): .22 (.17); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .88; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: 1.24; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: 1.74; Significance: .21

Predictor: Approach speed; B (SE): [minus] .25 (.08); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .67; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: .78; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: .91; Significance: .002

Predictor: Time of day; B (SE): [minus] .32 (.14); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .55; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: .73; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: .96; Significance: .02

Predictor: Type of vehicle; B (SE): .17 (.56); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .39; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: 1.18; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: 3.56; Significance: .77

Predictor: Site; B (SE): .53 (.40); 95% CI for odds ratio, Lower: .77; 95% CI for odds ratio, Odds ratio: 1.69; 95% CI for odds ratio, Upper: 3.73; Significance: .19

Figure 2. Percent of trials, by condition, above median, and percent with a yield.

Control:
31.6% vehicle start times above overall median
7.6% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
32.9% yields
Cane display
40.5% vehicle start times above overall median
31.6% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
41.3% yields
Cane flag
52.6% vehicle start times above overall median
77.7% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
64.1% yields
Hand up
61.3% vehicle start times above overall median
67.5% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
73.8% yields
Reversible step
66.2% vehicle start times above overall median
87% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
90.9% yields
No ped
9.6% vehicle start times above overall median
0% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
1.9% yields


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Conditions that Influence Drivers' Yielding Behavior in Turning Vehicles at Intersections with Traffic Signal Controls


Figure 3. Percent of trials, for each site, over overall median with pedestrian present, and percent of yields
Note: Figure 3 shows bars extending from 0 to 100 so the numbers reported here are approximate.


Ashville, NC
87% vehicle start times above overall median
78% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
90% yield
Hendersonville, NC
62% vehicle start times above overall median
42% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
51% yield
Long Island, NY
70% vehicle start times above overall median
44% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
42% yield
New York City, NY
15% vehicle start times above overall median
27% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
30% yield
Bowie, MD
12% vehicle start times above overall median
31% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
50% yield
Belleview, WA
49% vehicle start times above overall median
71% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
87% yield


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Conditions that Influence Drivers' Yielding Behavior in Turning Vehicles at Intersections with Traffic Signal Controls


Figure 4. Proportion of trials above the overall median and yielding rate broken down by intersection geometry
Note: Figure 3 shows bars extending from 0 to 100 so the numbers reported here are approximate.


Crossing stem of T
13% vehicle start times above overall median
30% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
43% yield
Crossing top of T
73% vehicle start times above overall median
75% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
89% yield
Plus
67% vehicle start times above overall median
49% vehicle crosswalk times above overall median
54% yield


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